ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ, ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯑꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ/ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯀꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 3-11ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤ/꯳ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ/ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ:

Figure 3-11 Basic charging and discharging voltage curve of lithium-ion battery

꯱) ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯥꯉ꯭ꯀꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ 0.2Cꯗꯒꯤ 0.3C ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯔꯦꯄꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝꯄꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, 1C, 2C, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

꯲) ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯍꯤꯀꯜ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗꯒꯤ, ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯤ꯫

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 3-11ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇ DEꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯅꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫

(꯱) ꯒꯤ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯣ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯲꯰ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯳-꯱ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ ꯳-꯱꯲ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ/ꯑꯦ(ꯔꯦꯠ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫	ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ.{꯰}}ꯁꯤ.ꯚꯤ.꯲ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ	ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯇꯥꯏꯝ/ꯑꯦꯁ.	ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.	ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯅꯔꯖꯤ/W·H .	ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.	ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ/W·H .	꯱꯷꯰ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ./ꯑꯦꯁ.	꯱꯷꯰ꯑꯦ·ꯍꯀꯨꯔꯦꯟꯇ/ꯑꯦ.
4.84/(0.02C)	182220	182220	245.74	942.54	245.74	942.54	127400	4.85
12.1/(0.05C)	72318.5	72318.5	243.70	935.37	243.70	935.37	50400	12.11
24.2/(0.1C)	36206.8	35800	243.20	935.77	241.03	926.69	25200	24.24
48.4/(0.2C)	18317.5	17560	241.08	933.32	236.32	912.16	12600	48.44
80.7/(0.33C)	11443.6	10490	243.50	946.27	235.29	910.08	7590	80.76
121/(0.5C)	7936.6	6900	243.92	952.95	232.09	900.85	5110	121.09

1 ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ., ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ; ꯁꯤ.ꯚꯤ., ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯦꯖ꯫

Figure 3-12 Lithium-ion battery charging curves at different C-rates

ꯇꯦꯕꯜ 3-1ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤꯁꯨ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ꯫ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 1/2 (ꯑꯔꯕꯥꯟ, SOC=50%) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ; 0.1Cꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ 0.5Cꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 5 ꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ 30A·Hꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ, ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯅꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇ (3-4)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫

Factors affecting charging characteristics

ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ e ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ;

R ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯤ;

t ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯂꯅꯤ;

i ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯤ;

t₁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ t₂ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯥꯏꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯰.꯴ MΩꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯦ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯌꯔ (꯳-꯴)ꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏ ꯐꯗꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ; ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ, ꯂꯣ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ; ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯒꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝꯄꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝꯄꯁꯟ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

(2) ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯄꯊꯀꯤ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯗꯥ 20 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ 66.2 A·H ꯂꯩꯕꯥ NCM ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ 90%→0%ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ (SOC) ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ, ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ (DOD) (10%→100%)ꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯞꯊꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ 0.5cꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯚꯣꯂꯇꯦꯖ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯅꯠ 60 ꯔꯣꯝ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ 0.5C (CC)ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯧꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ (CV)ꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ 0.05Cꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ 3-2ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 3-13ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯁꯣꯁꯤ .	ꯗꯣꯗ .	ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ	ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕ	ꯏꯀꯨꯏꯜ-ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ꯴/w·h	ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ-ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ2/w·h	ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ/ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ	ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯇꯥꯏꯝ/ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ	ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.	ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯃꯄꯥꯔ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ
		ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.	ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ/w·h .	ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ/ꯑꯦ·ꯑꯩꯆ.	ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ/w·h .
80.00	20.00	13.35	54.03	13.48	55.88	27.94	27.02	41.13	33.50	12.32	3.05
70.00	30.00	20.02	80.16	19.99	82.08	27.36	26.72	59.23	50.83	18.69	2.96
60.00	40.00	26.69	105.62	26.61	108.19	27.05	26.41	77.72	68.50	25.19	2.92
50.00	50.00	33.36	130.42	33.27	133.61	26.72	26.08	96.02	86.67	31.87	2.89
40.00	60.00	40.04	154.61	39.95	158.50	26.42	25.77	114.18	104.83	38.55	2.86
30.00	70.00	46.71	178.38	46.61	182.97	26.14	25.48	132.28	123.00	45.22	2.84
20.00	80.00	53.38	201.73	53.26	207.07	25.88	25.22	150.40	141.00	51.84	2.82
10.00	90.00	60.05	224.45	59.92	230.62	25.62	24.94	168.47	159.17	58.52	2.81

1 ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ-ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ: ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯣ.ꯁꯤ. ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ: ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ 90% DODꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 30W·H ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ-ꯀꯦꯄꯦꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 30W·H ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ 80% DODꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 50W·H ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ-ꯀꯦꯄꯦꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 25W·H ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ꯫

2 equal-ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ: ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ SOC ꯆꯦꯟꯖ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, 10%)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ꯫

1 ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ /min ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ: ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ / ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ꯫

Figure 3-13 Charging curves of lithium-ion batteries under different depths of discharge conditions

ꯇꯦꯕꯜ 3-2 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 3-13ꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

꯱) ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯗꯦ꯫

꯲) ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯅꯤ: ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ, ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯏ; ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯗꯥ, ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

(꯳) ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯗꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯑꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤꯌꯟꯇ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ 66.2 A·H NCM ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ 1.3 A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 3.3 Aꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ 3-3ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 3-13ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ, ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯥꯉ꯭ꯀꯛꯇꯥ, ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ꯫

ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ, ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯅꯈ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ, 0.2Cꯅꯥ 1Cꯗꯒꯤ 3.2% ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫

Figure 3-15 Discharge energy-discharge capacity curves at different temperatures