ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕꯥ

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯟꯗꯥꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫ The positive electrode material is generally a compound that allows for the reversible insertion and extraction of lithium ions, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO₂), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄), or ternary materials (LiCoₓNiᵧMn₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂). ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯣꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡ (ꯀꯃꯟ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯣꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯣ₄, ꯂꯤꯄꯐ₆, libfd, libfd, ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ) ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯚꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ (ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯥꯅꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯅꯥꯏꯠ (EC), ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯊꯥꯏꯜ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯅꯥꯏꯠ (Dec), ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯊꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯅꯥꯏꯠ (DMC), ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯥꯏꯂꯤꯟ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯅꯥꯏꯠ (ꯄꯤ.ꯁꯤ.), ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯛꯁꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ) ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯑꯣꯂꯦꯐꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ-ꯂꯦꯌꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤ-ꯂꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯞꯔꯣꯄꯤꯂꯦꯟ (PP) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯏꯊꯥꯏꯂꯤꯟ (ꯄꯤ.ꯏ.) ꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯄꯣꯔꯣꯁ ꯃꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯒꯥꯔꯗ ꯲꯳꯰꯰ ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯦꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯦꯠꯔꯣꯂꯤꯌꯝ ꯀꯣꯛ, ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯌꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯃꯤꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ (C2) ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ:

Working Principle of Lithium-ion Batteries

ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ:

Working Principle of Lithium-ion Batteries

ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ; ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯔꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯆꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ "ꯔꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯆꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ" ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 1.1ꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of the working principle of lithium-ion battery

ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯂꯦꯌꯔ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯗꯦꯠ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯅꯁꯥꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯂꯦꯌꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏ ꯐꯗꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖ-ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗꯒꯤ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯅꯁꯥꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯒꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯤꯀꯜ-ꯀꯦꯗꯃꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯀꯜ-ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁꯇꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ꯫

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ, ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ, ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯈꯜ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯅꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯇꯔꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯐꯣꯁꯐꯦꯠ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.7Vꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ 2.4~4.2V ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜꯇ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ-ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯔꯁꯤꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ 4.3V ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ 4.35Vꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯵꯵꯰WH/ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯃꯗꯥ ꯌꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯐꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯉꯥꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯈꯅꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

Lithium-ion battery classification

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯅꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ (MMANO) ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.8Vꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2.5Vꯗꯒꯤ 4.2V ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 4.28V ± 0.025Vꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯚꯔ-ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 2.5V ± 0.1V ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯣ.ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ-ꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯅꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯀꯃꯄꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣ-ꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ-}}}}ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ-ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯦꯔꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ (TLC) ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.6Vꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2.75Vꯗꯒꯤ 4.2V ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 4.28V ± 0.025V ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯚꯔ-ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 2.75V ± 0.1V ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ (ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯣ.)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯡ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯦꯔꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ꯫ ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯦꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯕꯜꯇ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯅꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ, ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ, ꯄꯥꯎꯆꯦ, ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯃꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯦꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯱꯸꯰ wh/kg (꯲꯶꯶꯵꯰ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯹꯰ꯖꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯴꯶꯰꯰ mAh/kg ꯌꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ), ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯂꯗꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ-ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯅꯦꯁ꯫

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯐꯣꯁꯐꯦꯠ (LFP) ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.2Vꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ 2.5~3.75V ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.75V±0.025Vꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯚꯔ-ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 2.5V±0.1V ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯄꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯟ-ꯗꯤꯀꯃꯄꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯄꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯐ ꯂꯩ, ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯗꯥ ꯂꯣ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯏꯖꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯊꯗꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ (ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ), ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯃꯈꯂꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ-ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯇꯔꯨ ꯇꯅꯥꯅꯕꯥ-ꯄꯦꯛ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ꯫

ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯣ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ: ꯕꯦꯀꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ꯫

Lithium-ion battery classification

ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯌꯨ.ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯦꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯕꯃꯦꯔꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ, ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯱꯰ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯰ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯐꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯄꯇꯣꯄꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯉꯥꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯇꯨꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯕꯁꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯔ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯀꯝꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯕꯦꯖ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯝꯄ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯛꯌꯨ ꯀꯦꯄꯁꯨꯜ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯦꯇꯦꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯁꯨ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯲꯰꯱꯱ꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯌꯥꯟ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯳꯹.꯷ ꯌꯧꯈꯤ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ-ꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯴꯳% ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯨꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯲.꯹꯷ ꯌꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ{10}}ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯲꯸.꯶% ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯀꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯦ21꯫

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯜ

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ .

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ

ꯏꯅꯛꯕꯥꯔꯤ ꯊꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ