ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯆꯠꯀꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ .ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯐꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ? ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯟꯗꯥꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯞꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯗꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯣꯐꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯕꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ-ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯗꯦꯂꯤꯕꯔꯤꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ (A/m2) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕ꯭ꯌꯥꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ (A/cm2) ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯅꯥ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯖꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯋꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯖꯦꯃꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯔꯛ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯋꯦꯂꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯱꯸꯶꯱ꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯉꯁꯤꯗꯤ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯐꯦꯅꯣꯃꯦꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯣ:ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ 2 ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ 0.5 cm2ꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ 2 A/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ 4 a/cm2-ꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯕꯜꯀ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯍꯤꯀꯜ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ 1,000 ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ 300ꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫

꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯉꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯇꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯲꯵%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯴꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯸꯴꯷ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯱꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ꯫

ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ:

꯱.ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ:ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯍꯤꯇꯤꯡ, ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯆꯤꯜꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯐꯣꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯂꯦꯕ (꯲꯰꯲꯴)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯵ mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄꯉ꯭ꯀꯆꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯔꯅꯋꯦ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫

꯲.ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯀꯥꯏꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯟꯗꯥꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯇꯂꯔ-ꯚꯣꯂꯔ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯄꯣꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ-ꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯃꯥꯟꯗꯗꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯂꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯟꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

꯳.ꯏꯀꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ:ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 50% ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯉꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ-ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯔꯦꯟꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯸.꯲%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱.꯳%ꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

Current Density

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯐꯤꯅꯤꯁꯟ, ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯞꯔꯤꯇꯦꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯚꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ .Jꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯀꯩꯗꯥ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯥꯌꯀꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯄꯦꯟꯗꯤꯀꯨꯂꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯗꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫

J = I / A

ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ:

J= ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ (A/m2)

i=ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ (ꯀ)

A=ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ (m2)

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯤꯃꯤ 2ꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔ 5 ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯋꯥꯏꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ:

j=5 a / (π × 0.0012 m2)=1,592,000 a/m2 ≈ 159 a/cm2

ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ, ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯌꯨꯃꯊꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 1-3 A/cm2ꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ-ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ A/cm2 100,000ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯂꯗꯥ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ (ꯃꯦꯇꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ):

J = n × q × v

ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ:

n=ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ (ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ/ꯑꯦꯝ.꯳)

Q=ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ (ꯒ)

v= ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯐꯠ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ (m/s)

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯤꯛ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 8.5 × 102⁸ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯐꯦꯠ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 102⁶ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ/m3 ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯐꯦꯠ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯑꯥꯔꯒꯣꯟ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯐꯠ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯱ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦꯃꯤ꯲ꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯰.꯳ μm/sꯗꯥ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯀꯥꯌꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯀꯥꯌ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯦꯒꯦꯟꯇꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ 0.002 mm/s{5000 mm/s{5000 mm/s{5000ꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯟꯗꯥꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯍꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯩ:

J = σ × E

ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ:

σ=ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ (ꯑꯦꯁ/ꯑꯦꯝ)

E= ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ (v/m)

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ (σ ≈ 5.96 × 10⁷ s/m)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, 100 a/cm2 ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯒꯤ 1.68 V/mꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯀꯣꯟ (σ ≈ 1.56 × 10⁄3 s/m)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯪꯕꯅꯥ 641,000 V/m-ꯃꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯗꯣꯃꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ:

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ: ꯱.ꯑꯦ/ꯃꯤꯇꯔ (ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕ꯭ꯌꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦ)ꯀꯃꯟ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ:ꯑꯦ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ (꯱ ꯑꯦ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ {{꯱}},꯰꯰꯰ ꯑꯦ/ꯃꯤ.꯲)꯫ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ:ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ (꯱ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦ./ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲=10 ꯑꯦ/ꯃꯤ.꯲)꯫ꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ:a/mm2 (1 A/mm2=1,000,000 a/m2)꯫

ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯔꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ: ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ 25 cm2 ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ 3000 MaH ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ 2Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ=3000 mah × 2=6000 ma=6 a ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ=6 a / 25 cm2=0.24 a/cm2=240 ma/cm2

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ 240 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, 300 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ 100-300 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯦꯅꯣꯃꯦꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ:

ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ:1.5-2.5 mA/cm2 (ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯖ)꯫ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯇꯇꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯦꯂꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁꯇꯥ ꯗꯤꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯁꯂꯥꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯰ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯱.꯸ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯱꯵꯰꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ:ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ; 77Kꯗꯥ YBCO (ꯏꯠꯔꯤꯝ ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ: ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 1-5 mA/cm2 (ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕ꯭ꯌꯥꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ)꯫ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯥꯔ ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯥꯛꯇ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ:ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ 200-500 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 70-80%ꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ 200 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯄꯣꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ; 500 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯍꯃꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ꯫

ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ-ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯝꯄꯜ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯩ꯫ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁꯇꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯣꯆ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ:

ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯱: ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯀꯦꯂꯀꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯔꯣꯁ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯔ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ:

j_effective=i / (ꯑꯦ_ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ × ꯔꯨꯐꯅꯦꯁ_ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ)

ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ 10-30ꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯐꯅꯦꯁ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯤ 10ꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ 100-300 cm2 ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ 5A ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯥꯟꯗꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ 10-30× ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯲: ꯐꯤꯅꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ .ꯕꯣꯔꯒꯋꯥꯔꯅꯔꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯏꯗ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯃꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ:

ꯅꯟ-ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯊꯤꯀꯅꯦꯁ

ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯏ.

ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌ-ꯒꯤ-ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯗꯤꯞꯂꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯏꯠ ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.-ꯕꯦꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯳.꯵ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯖ (ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯏ.ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯒ꯭ꯔꯣꯊꯀꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯳.꯵ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲{꯴}}ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯍꯤꯀꯜ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯲꯳% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯕꯦꯖ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯌꯥꯠꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯤ:

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ: 50-200 mA/cm2.

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: 200-400 mA/cm2.

ꯄꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ: 400-800 mA/cm2 ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

Damage threshold: >꯱꯰꯰꯰ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯁꯦꯐ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ:<50 mA/cm²

Dendrite formation risk: >꯵꯰ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.

ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟ ꯗꯤꯌꯒꯣ (꯲꯰꯲꯴)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯗ-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯖ ꯂꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯲꯰꯰ mA/cm2 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯔꯦ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯴× ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯳꯰꯰ ꯁꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯱꯵ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ-ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ:

ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯝꯄꯣꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯛꯁ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯀꯣ.ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.)ꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯤꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯉꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯉꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯤ ꯲ꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯆꯦ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯸%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯲꯵꯵ ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯩꯆ./ꯀꯤ.ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥ. ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯗꯣꯛꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯀꯄꯅꯤ:

ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯑꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯀꯅꯦꯁ:ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ 8 μmꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯗꯥ 12 μM ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯗꯤꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯟꯁꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇ:ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯇꯦꯕ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯳꯵% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ

ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ:ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯨꯂꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯵ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯟ-ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ: ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ 2C ꯆꯥꯔꯖ/ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯔꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ 1,500ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ 800ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯋꯤꯅꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ:

ꯗꯦꯀꯣꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ:

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ: 30-50 A/dm2 (300-500 a/m2)꯫

ꯕꯥꯊ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ: 45-50 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ

ꯗꯤꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ: 25-30 μM/HOUR

ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯣꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯴꯰ ꯑꯦ/ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.꯲ꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯔꯒꯦꯠꯀꯤ ±꯵%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯹꯹.꯲%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ-ꯄꯥꯁ ꯌꯤꯜꯗꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯣꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯄꯤꯌꯔꯟꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ ꯀꯣꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ±10%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯕꯤꯌꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯀꯄꯥꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ:

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ: 200-300 A/m2.

ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ: ꯹꯹.꯵% → ꯹꯹.꯹꯹%

ꯏꯀꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ: ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯨꯠ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯨꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯑꯣ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯐꯦꯁꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯵꯰-꯲꯸꯰ ꯑꯦ/ꯃꯤꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯱꯰꯰-꯱꯵꯰/ꯃꯤ.꯲ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯹꯹.꯹꯹꯵% ꯁꯨꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯀꯦꯇꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯳꯵꯰ ꯑꯦ/ꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯑꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯧꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ:

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ:ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 1 mA/cm2, ꯀꯄꯥꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ 5-10 mA/cm2 100 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ .

ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯔꯦꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯀꯩꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯏ.ꯁꯤ.(ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯌꯨꯅꯤꯕꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯳ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯅꯣꯗ ꯆꯤꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯳-꯸ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦ./ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ꯗꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯰ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯐꯇꯥꯏꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯐꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯨꯇꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯕꯜ ꯃꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ:

ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯴ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯗꯦꯂꯤꯕꯔꯤ ꯅꯦꯇꯋꯥꯔꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ: ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯤꯃꯤ ꯱꯵ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯂꯇꯦꯖ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯌꯨ.

ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯀꯆꯔ: ꯱.

ꯁꯤꯕꯥ-ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ:50 μm-ꯄꯥꯛ ꯄꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯄꯥꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ 5 mA/cm2ꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ

ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖ-ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ:200 μm-ꯄꯥꯛ 500 ka/cm2ꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯀꯄꯥꯔ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ: ꯱.500+ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯥꯔ.

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯥ 10 mA/cm2 ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯡ-ꯇꯥꯔꯝ ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯑꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯤꯜꯗꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯱: ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯣꯂꯦꯖꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯟꯊꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯁꯟꯇ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯄꯜꯂꯤ:

j=i_ꯃꯦꯖꯔ / ꯑꯦ_ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ

ꯑꯦꯛꯌꯨꯔꯦꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ: ꯱.

ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ: ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ±2-5%

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯛꯇ: ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ, ꯅꯟ-ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ 10{1}}꯳꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯀꯏ

ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ: ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯃꯣꯅꯤꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯲: ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯔꯦꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ:

ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤꯟ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯱꯶-꯶꯴ꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯄꯥꯎꯆ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯴꯰-꯸꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯱.꯸× ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ꯫

ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯳: ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯃꯦꯄꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯅꯟ-ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯞꯂꯣꯏ ꯇꯧꯏ:

B = (μ₀ / 4π) ∫ (J × r̂) / ꯑꯥꯔ.꯲ ꯗꯤ.ꯚꯤ.

ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ:

B= ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯛꯁ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ (ꯇꯤ)

μ₀=ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯃꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ (4π × 10⻷ H/m)

r̂= ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯔ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ

ꯑꯣꯛ ꯔꯤꯖ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯱ ꯃꯤ.ꯃꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯆ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯣꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔ ꯑꯦꯔꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯃꯣꯔꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯇꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯟꯅꯥ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯖ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯣꯠꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯉꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯇꯦꯖꯤ ꯱: ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ:

ꯇꯦꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯜ-ꯇꯦꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ-ꯇꯦꯕ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯲꯵-꯴꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯛꯇ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯑꯣ:ꯍꯥꯏꯠ-ꯗꯥ-ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 1:2 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1:4ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯉꯃꯈꯩꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯨ

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯚ ꯇꯦꯄꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯋꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯍꯃꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ

ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯤꯆꯤꯒꯅꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯉꯕꯥ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯅꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯛ-ꯗꯥ-ꯑꯦꯚꯥꯔꯦꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲.꯳:꯱ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱.꯳:꯱ꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ{9}}ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯳꯵% ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫

ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯇꯦꯖꯤ ꯲: ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯇꯤꯎꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ:

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯚꯁꯤꯡ:ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ, ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯅꯦꯅꯣꯠꯌꯨꯕ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯤꯟ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯲-꯵%ꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯶꯰-꯸꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ:ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯣꯜꯇ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ 1.0mꯗꯒꯤ 1.5Mꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ 40% ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ 30% ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯦꯕꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯈꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ:ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ (ꯀꯟꯗꯥꯛꯇꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ: 3.8 × 10⁷ s/m)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ (5.96 × 10⁷ s/m)ꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯳꯶% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ

ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯇꯦꯖꯤ ꯳: ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ:

ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ-ꯃꯦꯖꯔ ꯏ.ꯚꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ (꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ):

ꯇꯦꯁꯂꯥ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯆꯥꯔꯖꯔ ꯚꯤ꯴:ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ 10%ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ-ꯗꯥ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ 80% SOCꯗꯥ 80% SOCꯗꯥ 10% ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ-ꯗꯥ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ 80% SOCꯗꯥ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ, ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ{88}}ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯃꯣꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ 80% SOCꯗꯥ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ 300 mA/cm2ꯗꯒꯤ 300 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

ꯄꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯦꯌꯀꯥꯟ:400 mA/cm2 ꯄꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 200 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ 1 Hzꯗꯥ ꯄꯂꯁ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄꯣꯂꯥꯔꯤꯖꯝ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ

ꯕꯥꯏꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ:ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ-ꯑꯦꯗꯥꯞꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ 250 mA/cm2 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ 25-35 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ 150 mA/cm2ꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ 60% ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ꯫

ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯦꯅꯃꯥꯔꯛ (꯲꯰꯲꯴)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ-ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯕꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯲꯵꯰ ꯃꯥ/ꯁꯦ.ꯃꯤ.꯲ꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯗꯕꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯣꯆ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯗꯦꯕꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯴꯷% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯱꯱꯰꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯶꯵꯰ꯗꯥ ꯸꯰%ꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯔꯤꯇꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

Current Density

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ: ꯱.

ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ/ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯃꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯇꯥꯔꯒꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯡꯁꯤꯡ

ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ

END-ꯑꯐ-ꯂꯥꯏꯐ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯔꯤꯇꯦꯅꯁꯟ

ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ

ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯃꯣꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ (ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯔꯅꯋꯦ, ꯁꯣꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡ)

ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯂꯥꯏꯑꯦꯟꯁ (ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯜ., ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯏ.ꯁꯤ., ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ)

ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ:

ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ: ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ 1 MWH ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ: 1 MW (1C ꯔꯦꯠ) ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: 0.5 MW (0.5Cꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ) ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ: ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ 5,000 ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ: - ꯀꯟꯇꯤꯟꯌꯨꯑꯣꯁ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ: 125 mA/cm2 (50% ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯂꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ) {{150% mA) - ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯟ: 312 mA/cm2 ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ (1.25× ꯄꯤꯛ) - ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ: ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ 4,000 cm2

ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯁꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥꯏꯄꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤ-ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ:

ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯋꯥꯔꯀꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ:

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯤꯡ:ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯝꯌꯥꯟ-ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ, ꯄꯣꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯞꯂꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯜꯕ ꯇꯧꯏ

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ:ꯄꯣꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯐꯤꯜꯗꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯥꯞꯂꯦꯁ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯌꯔ ꯁꯣꯜꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ

ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯤꯡ: ꯱.ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯍꯤꯠ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯅꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯤꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ (Q=J2 / σ)

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯥꯔꯒꯦꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤ, ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯇꯤꯔꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ

ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯃꯁꯣꯂꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯣꯐꯋꯦꯌꯔꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯚꯥꯂꯨꯑꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯟꯆꯃꯥꯔꯀꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ-ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯟ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥꯏꯄꯤꯡ ꯏꯇꯤꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯥ ꯷.꯳ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲.꯱ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯕꯦꯂꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯶꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫

ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯦꯂꯤꯗꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯗꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯚꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ:

ꯚꯦꯂꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯔꯀꯤ:

ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯄꯟ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯟꯗꯥꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯕꯤꯍꯦꯕꯤꯌꯔ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ-ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ-ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯣꯅꯤꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯁꯥꯏꯛꯂꯤꯡ

ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯖ/ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯂꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯅꯟ{0}}ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ

ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯦꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯥꯏꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯂꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ:ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯃꯣꯔꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯅꯤ

ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ:ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯔꯦꯗ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯣꯠꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ

ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ:ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯦꯗ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯉꯃꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯤ

ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ:ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯞꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯏ.ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯒ꯭ꯔꯣꯊ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ) ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯤꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ

ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯐꯦꯁꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯛꯂꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯦꯠ ꯇꯣꯃꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤ (ꯁꯤ.ꯇꯤ.) ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯐꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯅꯛꯔꯣꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯴꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ -ꯑꯦꯚꯥꯔꯦꯖ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯲.꯸× ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯦꯗ ꯵꯰꯰ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫

Current Density

ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ (ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯜ), ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ (ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕ꯭ꯌꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯌꯥꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯥ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯥꯔ 10 ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯍꯤꯠ, ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯐ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ 200-300 mA/cm2 ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ 45ꯗꯥ 80% ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯐ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯔꯅꯋꯦ (thermal ranaway) ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯗ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ-ꯑꯣꯐ-ꯆꯥꯔꯖ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯃꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯉ꯭ꯀꯆꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ, ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯗ-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯖ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯣꯊ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯕꯥ, ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ, ꯚꯣꯏꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯐꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯤꯠ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ j2/σ (ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯌꯥꯔꯗ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯁꯨ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯂꯀꯏ꯫

ꯍꯣꯌ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯇꯥ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ (ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ (ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯆꯪꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ) ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇꯥ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ (ꯀꯅꯚꯦꯅꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯣꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ (ꯀꯅꯚꯦꯅꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ)ꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯅꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯃꯦꯖꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯗꯤꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯒꯥ ꯄꯨꯅꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯄꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯎ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯃꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯃꯣꯅꯤꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯅꯟ{4}}ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁꯤꯕ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯜ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯃꯦꯄꯤꯡ (ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯏꯟꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯤꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯔꯦꯗ ꯊꯔꯃꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤ (ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯔꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯧꯜ ꯍꯤꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ) ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯅꯛꯔꯣꯠꯔꯣꯟ X-ꯔꯦ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

"High" current density is application-dependent and relates to material limits. For lithium-ion batteries, >300 mA/cm2 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯆꯤꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯤꯡꯗꯥ, 10 a/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯤꯇꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, 1-10 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ 10-100 a/dm2 (0.1-1 A/cm2)ꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ 1-10 mA/cm2 ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ-ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯔꯨꯇꯤꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯣꯐꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ, ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯚꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯤꯇꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯟꯖꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯁꯨꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯞ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯜ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯣꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕꯥ, 1.5-2.5 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯦꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯖ꯭ꯌꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯨꯕꯗꯥ, ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯄꯣꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯗꯤꯀꯃꯄꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯋꯤꯟꯗꯣꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯚꯣꯂꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯟꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ (j=i/a)ꯅꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯏ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯐꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫

ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ 50-300 mA/cm2, ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁꯇꯥ 1-10 A/cm2 ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ-ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ 1-10 mA/cm2ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯧꯏ꯫

ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ: 10-15%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ-ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯴꯰-꯶꯰% ꯁꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯔꯅꯋꯦ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯅꯅꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤ, ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ: ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯗ ꯇꯦꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯵-꯴꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯕꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯒꯣꯔꯤꯊꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ-ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯃꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

ꯃꯥꯁꯥꯆꯨꯁꯦꯇꯁ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ - "ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯐ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://dmse.mit.edu/research/batteries

ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯐꯣꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ - "ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/

ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ - "ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ" (꯲꯰꯲꯳) - https://www.nist.gov/mml/materials-ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯃꯦꯟꯇ-ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ-ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ

ꯑꯔꯒꯣꯟ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ - "ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯃꯁꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://www.anl.gov/cse/ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ/ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ-ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ{7}}ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ{꯸}}ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ

ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟ ꯗꯤꯌꯒꯣ ꯖꯦꯀꯣꯕꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ - "ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯔꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯑꯦꯅꯣꯗꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯏ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/research

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ - "ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯀꯣꯄꯥꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ" (꯲꯰꯲꯳) - https://copperalliance.org/

ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯏ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ - "ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://www.imec-int.com/en/articles/electromigration

ꯑꯣꯛ ꯔꯤꯖ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯅꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ - "ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯄꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://www.ornl.gov/directorate/esd

ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯤꯆꯤꯒꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ - "ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ-ion ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://systemslab.engin.umich.edu/

ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯦꯅꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ - "ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯗꯞꯇꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯡꯚꯤꯇꯤ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://www.dtu.dk/english/research/energy

ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯐꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ - "ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯀꯔꯣꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/research

ꯇꯦꯁꯂꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯅꯔꯁꯤꯞ - "ꯂꯣꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ-ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ-ꯂꯥꯏꯐ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯌꯥꯏꯠ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ

ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯝꯄꯣꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯛꯁ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯀꯣ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.) - "ꯀꯤꯂꯤꯟ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯗꯣꯛꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯕꯣꯔꯒꯋꯥꯔꯅꯥꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ - "ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ" (꯲꯰꯲꯴) - ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯏꯠ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ .

ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ: ꯚꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤ

ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯅꯤ: ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ

ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ: ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯅꯦꯛꯁꯟ

ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯱: ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯗꯤꯞ ꯗꯥꯏꯚ

ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯕꯔꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯀꯃꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯂꯀꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯊꯣꯗꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ

ꯄꯤꯂꯔ ꯲: ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯁꯤꯡ

ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ .

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ .

ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ

ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯤ ꯳: ꯃꯥꯄꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯇꯦꯖꯤꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯃꯋꯥꯔꯛ

ꯐꯦꯖ ꯱: ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ

ꯐꯦꯖ ꯲: ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ

ꯐꯦꯖ ꯳: ꯚꯦꯂꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯇꯤꯔꯦꯁꯟ

ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯪꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ

ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ?

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯔꯥ?

ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯤꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯀꯅꯤ?

ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ?

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ?

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯀꯑꯣꯌꯦꯁꯤꯡ

ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ

ꯏꯅꯛꯕꯥꯔꯤ ꯊꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ