ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯁ ꯄꯤꯆꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯀꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯁ.

ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯅꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯒꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯚꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯂꯇꯦꯖ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯲꯰ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯆꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯒꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯸꯰ꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯦꯗ-ꯑꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯞ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯁꯨꯔꯀꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯥꯒꯖꯗꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯸꯴%ꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯗꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯑꯣꯍꯝ ꯱.꯲ꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯑꯣꯍꯝ ꯲.꯸ꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯤꯠ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫

Li-ion motion during the charge (a) and discharge (b) process.

ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ, ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯦꯗ ꯔꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯕꯁꯣꯜꯌꯨꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯱꯰꯰%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯹꯴%ꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯹꯱%ꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯊꯥ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯹꯷%ꯗꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯸꯸%ꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯚꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.

ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯛꯂꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯣꯝꯕꯤꯛ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯳꯰꯰ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯏ.ꯚꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯆꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯍꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯵꯰꯰ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯶꯰꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯹꯹.꯱% ꯑꯗꯨ ꯹꯹.꯷%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯜꯂꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯟꯁ꯭ꯌꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯏ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯣꯊ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯍꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯜꯗ ꯋꯦꯗꯔꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ꯫

ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯣꯃꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯖꯔꯦ꯫ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯕꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯀꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯐꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯂꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯋꯦꯌꯔꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯙꯨꯄꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯇꯦꯛ ꯚꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯰.꯵ꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤꯌꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯌꯁ ꯸ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯱꯰ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯱ꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯲꯰ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯗꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯁꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯅꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯋꯥꯏꯔꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯹꯵ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯐ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯌꯧꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯊ ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯅꯥ ꯷꯸ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯐꯇꯥ ꯐꯃꯈꯤ, ꯍꯣꯠ ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯔꯛ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯔꯖꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯅꯐꯝ ꯆꯪꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯖꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯞꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ DC ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯁꯦꯒ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯀꯅꯨ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯃꯊꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯴꯰% ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫

ꯕꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯵%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯁꯉ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ꯫

BMS operation inside the EV.

꯸꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯇꯦꯕꯂꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯸꯲%ꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯨꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯟꯌꯨ ꯂꯣꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯕꯦꯀꯑꯞ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ 70% ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯇꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯈꯔꯗꯥ 70% ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ 80%ꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯶ ꯇꯤꯡꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯂꯩ꯫

ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯂꯔꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯥꯏ.-ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯟ ꯏꯅꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯐꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤꯛꯁꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫

ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯅꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯅꯔ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯠ ꯲꯸꯴꯷ꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯃꯁ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯒꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ-ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯚꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯒꯥꯋꯥꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯒꯤꯒꯥꯕꯥꯏꯠ 2-ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯡ 2 ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯜ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯏꯚꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯁ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

General flowchart of the BMS.

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯤꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯁꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯂꯣꯏ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯗꯔꯁꯤꯞ ꯄꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯃꯥꯔꯠ ꯄꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯏꯚꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯂꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁ ꯋꯤꯟꯗꯣ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯄꯦꯅꯥꯜꯇꯤ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯟꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯅꯋꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯖꯔꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯁꯕꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯐꯦꯁꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯗꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫